Europol presented its latest report a few weeks ago, Leveraging legitimacy: How the EU’s most threatening criminal networks abuse legal business structures, which examines how criminal networks fraudulently use legal business structures to strengthen their power and thus expand their criminal operations. This paper builds on Europol’s April 2024 study, Decoding the EU’s Most Threatening Criminal Networks, which identified the abuse of legal business structures as a central feature of these networks. At the request of the Justice and Home Affairs Council of the European Union, Europol conducted a detailed assessment to provide more information on how, why and where this abuse occurs.

The key findings of the Europol report cover the following areas:
- The types of businesses most prone to abuse.
- Organised crime activities enabled by legal businesses.
- Methods used by criminals to exploit these structures.
The report identifies the abuse of legal businesses as a key driver of organised crime. Legal trade structures are integral to laundering criminal proceeds, distorting economic competition, transporting illicit goods and expanding the influence of criminal networks. Cash-intensive businesses are exploited to protect money laundering activities, creating unfair advantages that undermine legitimate businesses.
The findings also highlight how criminal networks use corruption to deepen their control over local communities, fostering economic dependencies that shield illicit activities from law enforcement.
Key findings
• A common threat vector: 86% of the most threatening criminal networks in the EU exploit legal business structures. Criminals use these frameworks to disguise their activities, facilitate money laundering and expand their operations while evading law enforcement.
• Criminal ownership and infiltration: high-level infiltration or outright ownership of legal businesses allows criminal networks to mix legitimate and illicit activities seamlessly. Some companies are set up exclusively as fronts for criminal operations, while others are acquired to serve long-term criminal objectives.
• Cross-border abuse: although abuse of legal business structures is a global phenomenon, the majority of exploited or infiltrated companies used by EU criminal networks (70%) operate within the EU or its neighbouring countries. However, there is a significant portion of EU criminal networks that are involved in legal structures located elsewhere in the world. Legal business structures with criminal infiltration are found in almost 80 countries around the world.
• Insider threats: employees, managers or executives in legitimate locations are increasingly exploited by criminal networks to gain access, knowledge and influence over operations.
• Facilitating multiple crimes: criminally controlled companies often serve several networks simultaneously, enabling various forms of serious and organised crime.
The findings will inform future operational activities but will also serve as input for discussions on administrative and preventive measures.
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